AIN 3 means the abnormal cells are in the full thickness of the skin of the anus.
The term “High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (HSIL)” is used to describe the microscopic appearances of pre-cancer. Sometimes HSIL is divided into two forms, called Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN), grades 2 and 3. Grade 3 is regarded as more serious than grade 2.
Topical treatments such as Imiquimod, Cidofovir and 5-Fluorouracil and ablative treatments such as electrocautery, laser therapy and radiofrequency ablation can all be used to treat AIN. People diagnosed with HPV associated AIN may also be considered for vaccination against multiple strains of HPV.
For high grade AIN (AIN 3) you will need treatment because the abnormal cells are less likely to get better on their own. Doctors usually use surgery to remove some of the skin around the anus. Research has looked at other treatments, such as lasers to destroy the cells (laser ablation) and skin ointment (imiquimod).
AIN2 and AIN3 are most commonly caused by HPV types 16 and 18.
HSIL ~ High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion This diagnosis means the cells appear very different from normal cells. These precancerous lesions are more severe than with LSIL, but involve cells on the surface of the cervix. They may also be called moderate or severe dysplasia, or CIN 2 or 3.
The standard three-step treatment protocol for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL) includes colposcopy and cervical biopsy, followed by the loop electrosurgical excisional procedure (LEEP) or conization if cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade II or III was found [1].
Renal biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of AIN, with the typical histopathologic findings of plasma cell and lymphocytic infiltrates in the peritubular areas of the interstitium, usually with interstitial edema.
AIN is associated with primary renal infections such as acute bacterial pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, and fungal nephritis. Systemic infections can cause direct injury because of pathologic processes in the kidney or can be associated with indirect injury caused by medications used in the treatment of infections.
Definition. A precancerous neoplastic process characterized by the presence of mild dysplastic cytological changes which are usually present in the lower part of the squamous epithelium.
HPV 16 and 18 are high-risk types known to significantly increase the risk of cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer in women, as well as penile cancer in men. The strains can also cause anal cancer and throat cancers in men and women.
Precancerous cells are also called premalignant cells. They are defined as abnormal cells that could turn into cancerous cells, but which, by themselves, are not invasive or spreading.